Progress of the Repeaters of the Class f 1912 of the Public Schools of Washington, D. C

Author:

Katiierine IT. Bevard,

Principal of the Ross School, Washington, D. C. This study was undertaken with the purpose of ascertaining to what extent the eighth grade pupils of 1912 in the Washington Public Schools had repeated grades in their progress through the schools, in which grades the repeating occurred, and what the causes of the repeating were.

By means of printed blanks, Dr William M. Davidson, the superintendent of public schools, collected the data for the study just before the mid-year promotions of February 1, 1912, at which time there were enrolled in the eighth grade 3243 children of whom 2433 were white and 810 colored (tables 8 and 9).

The printed blanks consisted of a “Pupil’s Sheet” for every pupil who had ever skipped or repeated a grade, and a “Teacher’s Sheet” on which the teacher condensed the information contained on the pupils’ sheets. Both sets of papers were then collected by the supervising principals and sent to the superintendent’s office. The “Pupil’s Sheet” called for the following date:

1.. Name. 2. Sex. 3. Date of birth. 4. Age to nearest half year. 5. Private schools attended. 0. Other public schools attended. 7. Grade first entered when starting to school. A list of the sixteen grades (1A to SB) was then given, opposite which were recorded the grades skipped, grades repeated, and the cause of repeating. The results of the investigation have been tabulated in sections representing the nine white and the four colored divisions of the public schools. Seven tables were prepared for each of the thirteen divisions, the totals of which were used in making the. nineteen tables in the following summary.

COMPARISON BY GRADES OF REPEATING AND ITS CAUSES. 8B. 8A. 7B. 7A. GB. GA. 5B. 5A. 4B. 4A. 3B. 3A. 2B. 2A. IB. 1A. TABLE 1. WHITE SCHOOLS. Grades Skipped Totals. Boys Girls Total 205 2G2 14 22 18 15 9 13 11 23 28 32 24 17 13 9 11 4G7

CAUSES OF REPEATING Grades Repeated Illness or Physical Defect Boys Girls | Total Boys Girls Total

27 1439 143 37 i 125 25 30 22 28 34 39 48 48 35 3G 2G 12 17 109 102 83 1386 2S25 i! 325 349 23.8% G74 138 226 G 150; 293 14 142j 267 122’ 231 124; 226 75; 158 90 82: 172 73 67 75 74 60 73 87! 74 85 72 80 47 75, 42 81 53 83 51 140 149 133 161 157 127 117 134 134 18 24 9 10 24 38 42 27 j 42 29 51 24 23 15 17 22 22 19 23 22 20 19 44 35 27 31 36 43 45 53 53 55

Change of Schools Boys Girls Total 115 Poor Attendance Boys Girls Total

116 8.1% 231 i 80 13 2 15 | 7 28 | 8 23 I 8 18 i 4 20 ; 3 13 ; 4 22 2 12 8 18 14 8 6 6 7 5.3% 70 150 Failure in Studies Boys Girls Total S82 8 12 15 16 10 5 9 5 10 9 3 6 8 8 13 13 74 111 87 77 72 43 67 48 50 813 107 111 G0% 1695 1S1 oor> 91 ; 178 71 j 148 71 41 44 35 44 38 ; 40 51 41 44 j 42 36 1 20 28 | 18 28 | 19 28 I 18 143 84 111 83 94 78 92 86 56 46 47 46 Other Causes Boys Girls Total 37 38 2.6% 75 6 4 2 4 5 4 3 2 2 5 6 2 4 13 13

COMPARISON BY GRADES OF REPEATING AND ITS CAUSES. Totals. SB… 8A… 7B… 7A… GB… 6A… 5B… 5A… 4B… 4A… 3B… 3A… 2B… 2A… IB… 1A… TABLE 2. COLORED SCHOOLS. Grades Skipped Boys Girls j Total 50 1 7 5 4 5 3 8 4 2 5 5 69 119 1 13 20 3 8 4 8 4 9 3 3 11 7 11 7 9 11 16 8 13 15 6 4 4 Grades Repeated Boys Girls Total 246 371 19 22 617 30 34 11 12 19 15 10 12 19 13 14 11 17 17 17 20 37 17 20 37 21 29 50 21 29 50 42! 61 201 35 26 i 36 19 31 28 47 15 28 18 32 18 29 23 40 23 40 CAUSES OF REPEATING Illness or Physical Defect Change of Schools Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total 70 129 3 5 3 11 3 5 2 6 1 5 6 9 3 4 3 8 4 6 8 5 9 6 7 8 7 8 7 20 7 20 32.2%’ 199 2 17 14 1 2 1 ! 1 8 .. 3 6 15 7 11 ‘ . . I 1 10 . . I 1 13 . . 1 1 15 : 1 15 15 27 .. i 1 27 .. ! 1 3% 19 1 1 3 2 3 Poor Attendance Failure in Studies Boys Girls Total j Boys Girls Total 24 2 1 3 1 1 2 4 2 2 2 45 2 2 3 2 2 5 4 4 5 6 3 3 1 1 1 1 H.1% 69 135 4 8 3 11 6 12 3 10 3 : 6 7 8 8 9 6 8 7 ! 8 8 4 3 8 3 7 3 8 3 8 1 10 1 10 162 13 14 23 12 13 8 11 7 2 4 14 13 48.1% 297 21 25 35 22 19 16 20 15 10 8 22 20 16 16 16 16 Other Causes Boys Girls Total 15 18 5.3% 33

The Amount of Repeating.

Tables 1 and 2 show that 2825 grades had been repeated in the white schools and G17 in the colored, a total of 3442 half-year grades. Including the grades to be repeated by the 452 white pupils and 65 colored who were not promoted February 1, 1912 (tables 3 and 4), the total number of repeated grades is increased to 3959 (tables 5 and 6). This gives an average of 1.2 grades per pupil enrolled, and 2 grades per repeater.

In the white schools 112 repeaters skipped one or more grades (table 3), and in the colored schools 20 repeaters skipped grades (table 4).

Including pupils who were not promoted February 1, 1912, there were 1521 repeaters in the white schools and 387 in the colored, a total of 1908 (tables 8 and 9), or 58.8 per cent of all the eighth grade pupils. Of the 2433 white pupils and 810 colored pupils enrolled, 02.5 per cent of the former and 47.7 per cent of the latter are repeaters (tables 8 and 9).

It should be remembered that these children are not typical of the school population as a whole, for the reason that they are survivors. The less successful ones drop out before reaching the eighth grade. It is also to be noted that G7.3 per cent of the white pupils enrolled and 76 per cent of the colored are 8A pupils whose 8B records of repeating of course could not be included in this study. Fifty-four and one-tenth per cent of the white repeaters and 46.5 per cent of the colored repeated more than one grade (tables 5 and 6). Of the white pupils 39.5 per cent repeated only one grade, but 25.9 per cent of these pupils were not to be promoted February 1, 1912; 31.2 per cent repeated two grades, but 20.7 per cent were not to be promoted; 13.8 per cent repeated three grades, but 31.9 per cent were not to be promoted (table 5).

In the colored schools, 47.5 per cent repeated only one grade, but 15.2 per cent were not to be promoted February 1, 1912; 35.6 per cent repeated two grades, but 5.7 per cent were not to be promoted (table 6).

The greatest number of grades repeated by a white pupil is eleven; by a colored pupil, seven (tables 5 and 6).

COMPARISON OF SKIPPING AND REPEATING. TABLE 3. WHITE SCHOOLS. 1st. 2d . 3d . 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th . 9 th . Enrolment Boys 10S 167 158 142 167 98 Girls 147 199 170 131 159 149 120: 162 8275 90 109 1132:1301 Total 255 366 328 273 326 247 282 157 199 2433 No. of Skippers Boys 14 38 16 18 25 10 7 3 7 138 Girls 24 45 25 16 21 14 10 Total 38 83 41 34 46 24 17 2 5 5 ! 12 162 300 Per cent of Skippers 14.9% 22.6% 12.5% 12.4% 14.1% 9.7% ? 6% 3.1% ? 6% 12.3% Skipped more than one grade Boys 13 9 8 5 3 5 1 5 57 Girls 13 21 9 7 9 10 6 1 76 Total 21 34 18 15 14 13 11 2 5 133 No. of Repeaters Boys 75 75 87 91 105 59 70 60 54 676 Girls 87 85 95 64 109 86 107 44 73 750 Total 162 160 182 155 214 145 177 104 127 Including Feb.,1912 171 173 192 166 232 159 185 112 131 *1426 1 1521 Per cent of Repeating 63.5% 43.7% 55.4% 56.7% 65.6% 58.7% 62.7% 66.2% 63.8% 58.6% Including Feb.,1912 Repeated mors than one grade Boys 67. % 47.2% 58.5% 60.8% 71.1% 64.3% 65.6% 71.3% 65.8% 62.5% 49 35 58 55 61 37 45 39 39 418 Girls 40 39 55 35 66 43 63 22 43 406 Total 89 74 113 90 127 80 108 61 82 54.1% 824 Not promoted Feb.,1912 73 47 38 61 78 52 43 29 31 452 Note: 112 repeaters are also skippers. TABLE 4. COLORED SCHOOLS. 10th 11th 12th Enrolment Boys Girls Total 76 94 62 68 300 137 155 102 116 510 213 249 164 184 810 No. of Skippers Boys Girls Total 4 15 7 3 29 11 16 17 3 47 15 31 24 6 76 Per cent of Skippers 7. % 12.4% 14.6% 3.2% * Note: 20 repeaters are also skippers. 9.3% Skipped more than one grade Boys Girls Total 17 I 22 7 17 12 3 39 No. of Repeaters Boys Girls Total 31 48 34 36 149 48 59 57 51 215 79 107 91 87 *364 Including Feb.,1912 83 117 99 88 3S7 Per cent of Repeating 37 % 42.9% 55.4% 47.2% 44.9% Repeated more Not nro_ Including1 than one grade t motpCi Feb.,1912 Boys Girls Total 38.9% : 12 46.9% 60.3% 47.8% 47.7% 33 19 10 74 Feb.,1912 271 39 11 29 62 22 53 : 23 26 i 9 106 46.5% ISO 65

REPEATING OF INDIVIDUALS. TABLE 5. WHITE SCHOOLS. No. of Pupils 1 0 15 20 93 210 470 002 95” Total 1521 Per cent of Pupils .00 .13 .00 .39 .98 1.31 0.11 13.8 31.29 39.57 0.24 No. of grades repeated 11 9 8 7 0 5 4 3 2 1 Total 11 18 8 42 90 100 372 030 952 002 Not promoted Feb., 1912 2825 7 0 20 07 99 150 9551 452 33.3% 40.0% 30. % 21.5% 31.9% 20.7% 25.9% * Retarded for first time Feb. 1, 1912. TABLE 0. COLORED SCHOOLS. Total no. of grades repeated 11 18 8 44 97 100 392 097 1051 758 95 3277 No. of Pupils 1 4 2 11 24 138 184 23* Total 387 White and Colored.. .1908 Per cent of Pupils .25 1.02 .51 2.84 0.2 35.05 47.54 5.94 No. of grades repeated Total 7 24 10 44 72 270 184 017 3442 Not promoted Feb., 1912 8 25. % .9% 10.0% 5.7% 28 | 15.2% 23*! 05 Total no. of grades repeated 10 45 70 284 212 23 082 517 3959 * Not promoted for first time Feb. 1, 1912. 74 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CLINIC. AGES OF REPEATERS. TABLE 7. Ages 20. 19. 182. 18. 172. 17. 162. 16., 152. 15.. 142. 14. 132. 13. 122. 1 1 3 3 16 32 63 107 131 128 485 WHITE PUPILS Over 15 years Boys 67.5% Girls 17 26 61 138 113 163 526 65.5% Total 1 1 3 11 33 58 124 245 244 291 1011 66.4% Under 15 years Boys 113 81 28 10 1 233 32.4% Girls 131 101 34 11 277 34.4% Total 244 182 62 21 1 510 33.5% COLORED PUPILS Over 15 years Under 15 years Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total 2 7 9 1 9 10 10 22 32 21 29 50 25 24 49 18 29 47 21 35 56 22 33 55 17 16 33 18 27 14 1 4 v 99 155 254 57 76 133 63.4% 67% 65.5% 36.5% 32.9% 34.3% * White Colored 1314 344 repeaters. 112 20 who have both skipped and repeated. 95 23 who were not promoted for the first time Feb. 1, 1912. 1521 387 Totals. COMPARISON OF THE SEXES. TABLE 8. WHITE SCHOOLS. Girls. Boys. Total. Enrolment 1301 1132 No. Repeating 750 676 2433 1426 Including Feb., 1912 803 718 1521 Per cent Repeating 61.7% 63.4% 62.5% Per cent of total Repeaters 52.7% 47.3% 100. Per cent of Repeaters over 15 years 65.5% 67.5% 66.4% Repeaters “Passing” Scholarship Ratings 548 or 38.4% 432 or 30.2% 980 or 68.6% TABLE 9. COLORED SCHOOLS. Enrolment Girls… Boys. .. 510 300 Total… White and Colored 810 3243 No. ,epea ing Repeat-! ^eb. Including Feb., 1912 215 149 231 156 364 1790 387 1908 Per cent Repeating 45.2% 52. % 47.7% 58.8% Per cent of total Repeaters 59.6% 40.4% 100. Per cent of Repeaters over 15 years 67. % 63.4% 65.5% 6.2% Repeaters “Passing” Scholarship Ratings 113 or 31. % 91 or 25. % 204 or 56. % 1184 or 62.6%

As would be expected, many of the repeaters are over age; 66.4 per cent of the white pupils and 65.5 per cent of the colored are over 15 years of age (table 7). The oldest white pupil is 20 years old; the oldest colored pupil, 19 years. In both white and colored schools, the oldest repeaters are boys. In the white schools, 6.75 per cent of the boy repeaters and 65.5 per cent of the girls are over 15 years of age, but there are 41 more girls than boys over age. In the colored schools, 63.4 per cent of the boy repeaters and 67 per cent of the girls are over 15 years, and 56 more girls than boys are over age. Not including the number not to be promoted February 1, 1912, the present scholarship ratings of the eighth grade white repeaters show 68.6 per cent to be “passing” ratings; that is, 5.8 per cent excellent, 24.6 per cent good, and 38.2 per cent fair (tables 10 and 11). In the colored schools, 55.9 per cent have “passing” ratings; that is, 1.9 per cent are excellent, 21.1 per cent good, 32.9 per cent fair.

REPEATERS’ SCHOLARSHIP RATINGS FEB. 1, 1912.* TABLE 10. WHITE SCHOOLS. Division No. of Repeaters Grade Boys Girls Total el’ent Boys Girls Total Good Boys Girls Total Fair Boys Girls Total Unsatisfactory Poor Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Rating not given Boys Girls Total 1st. 2d.. 3d.. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. Total… 1st. 2d.. 3d.. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7 th. 8th. 9 th. Total., Grand Total.. Per cent 8B 8B SB SB SB SB 8B SB SB 32 20 28 45 54 22 23 23 11 SB 258 SA 8A 8A 8A SA 8A SA 8A SA 43 55 59 46 51 37 47 37 43 SA 418 SB & A 676 8B&A 54 36 35 33 64 35 51 24 24 86 56 63 78 118 57 74 47 35 1 2 7 8 12 2 8 7 4 5 2 10 7 12 3 7 11 2 15 13 11 6 21 9 14 10 7 20 15 21 13 33 12 21 21 9 14 6 16 19 18 . 2 9 2 4 25 3 16 15 21 4 24 5 39 9 32 34 39 6 33 7 12 11 2 1 9 15 7 5 6 4 10 4 2 7 14 14 6 4 6 21 6 o O 16 29 21 11 10 10 10 1 2 15 356 614 21 30 51 59 106 165 90 121 211 60 67 127 17 33 49 60 31 45 51 56 20 49 76 104 119 77 96 88 103 57 92 4 13 6 7 6 4 11 11 10 6 9 24 6 9 17 18 9 16 10 22 30 13 15 21 29 20 26 15 23 22 18 21 17 23 20 18 10 26 18 12 16 21 27 10 18 394 812 19 32 750 1426 34 49 72 114 186 177 158 83 131 220 351 267 279 5.8%! 24.6% 25 49 40 30 37 38 50 30 36 14 11 25 11 16 9 9 3 11 9 7 9 7 6 1 10 23 19 34 15 25 16 15 4 21 335 109 66 175 546 169 133 302 38.2% 21.1’ 35 52 14 31 7 10 6 11 9 7 8 2 2 11 18 3 - 1 1 27 62 41 93 6.5% 12 10 23 28 ; 51

• Non-promotions of Feb. 1, 1012, not included.

PROGRESS OF REPEATERS. 77 REPEATERS’ SCHOLARSHIP RATINGS FEB. 1, 1912.* TABLE 11. COLORED SCHOOLS. Division 10th… 11th… 12th… 13th… Total.. 10th… 11th… 12th… 13th… Total. Grand Total… Per cent Grade No. of Repeaters Boys 8B SB 8B 8B SB SA 8A 8A SA 7 1G 12 18 Girls Total 1G 23 37 j 53 2G i 38 201 38 53 99 ! 152 8A SB & A 8B& A 24 32 32 22 22 31 56 54 53 18 31 49 96 : 116 ; 212 149 I 215 364 Excellent Good Boys Girls Total Boy 14 20 1.9% 34 Girls 17 15 3 3 26 43 Total o 17 4 31 24 9 5 8 46 77 21.1% Fair Boys Girls Total 4 1 1 11 17 13 18 4 2 37 54 6 14 13 33 14 10 4 5 33 66 10 15 1 24 50 Unsatisfactory Boys Girls Total 27 28 70 11 120 32.9% 19 2 2 16 20 23 Poor Boys Girls Total 2 3 23 28 i ! 1 6 ! . . 7 ! 3 . . i 2 14 42 H.5% 10 10 17 Rating not given Boys Girls Total 2 13 2 1 14 10 18 1 | 2 i 7 8’ ! 8 17 2 S 9 20 13 19 44 27 29 62 7.4% 2 IS 28 29 63 91 25%

Non-promotions of Feb. 1, 1912 not included. Where the Repeating Occurred.

Table 1 shows the greatest number of grades repeated to be in 8A in the white schools and 7B in the colored. Had this study been made in June instead of February, undoubtedly the greatest number of grades repeated would be in 8B, since 2229 or 68.7 per cent of the 3243 pupils enrolled are 8A’s whose record of repeating in 8B is yet to be made. The per cent of 8B white pupils not promoted February 1, 1912, is 28.G per cent; the per cent of 8A’s is only 13.8 per cent. In/the colored schools 20 per cent of 8B’s and G per cent of 8A’s were not promoted.

COMPARISON OF THE SKIPPING AND REPEATING. TABLE 12. Grade 8th.., 7th.., 6th.., 5th… 4th… 3d…, 2d…, 1st… Total.

PER CENT OF GRADES SKIPPED White Schools B Grade A Grade 0 5.7 7.9 : 5.3 G.4 4.7 5.9 8.3 10.2 7.7 2.5 Colored Schools B Grade A Grade 48.9 0 16.8 6.7 7.2 ! 2.5 10.2 7.4 6.2 3.6 50.3 9.2 13.4 5. 53.6 PER CENT OF GRADES REPEATED White Schools B Grade A Grade .8 8 6.7 11 9.4 8. 6. < .o 9.2 7.5 10.9 3.3 0 45.9 5.2 5.6 4.4 4.7 51.3 10.3 8.1 5.5 4.9 4.7 5.5 4.1 4.7 47.8 Colored Schools B Grade A Grade 4.8 9.8 5.8 7.6 5.1 6.4 5.9 8.1 b.b 5.6 5. 4.5 4.7 6.4 5.9 8.1 53.5 45.7

The least number of grades repeated in the white schools is in 2A (tables 1 and 12). As is true in other school systems, the “sticking point” seems to be in the sixth grade where the children begin to fail in large numbers. It will be noticed also that the total number of B grades repeated in both white and colored schools is greater than the number of A grades repeated. The difference would be even greater if the 8B records of the large majority of these children now classed as 8A pupils could be included. The total per cent of B grades repeated in the white schools is 51.3 per cent; the total per cent of B grades skipped is 48.9 per cent. In the colored schools the per cent of B grades repeated is 53.5 per cent; B grades skipped, 53.6 per cent (table 12).

COMPARISON BY SCHOOL DIVISIONS OF THE REPEATING AND ITS CAUSES. TABLE 13. WHITE SCHOOLS. Grades Skipped Boys Girls Totals…. 1st Div… 2d Div… 3d Div. .. 4th Div.. 5th Div. . 6th Div. . 7th Div. . 8th Div. . 9th Div. . 205 25 54 30 25 20 17 18 4 12 2G2 41 G9 45 23 34 34 8 3 5 Total 4G7 G6 123 75 48 54 51 26 7 17 Grades Repeated CAUSES OF REPEATING Illness or Physical Defect Boys Girls 1439 1386 170 150 129 146 191 186 224 124 166 120 129 175 109 223 142 209 78 154 Total 2825 320 275 366 295 447 266 375 198 283 Boys 325 15 30 44 53 57 25 42 32 27 Girls 349 28 38 53 34 54 52 56 19 15 Total 674 43 68 97 87 111 77 98 51 42 Change of Schools Boys 115 11 16 19 12 10 12 5 22 Girls 116 9 8 31 3 14 17 17 12 5 Total 231 20 24 50 15 24 29 22 34 13 Poor Attendance Failure in Studies Boys 80 17 2 11 17 9 7 4 Girls 70 16 11 4 5 7 9 10 2 Total 150 33 13 15 22 16 16 14 10 6 I 11 Boys 882 127 76 114 93 144 73 111 58 86 Girls 813 95 84 87 67 135 58 117 45 125 Total 1695 222 160 201 160 279 131 228 103 211 Other Causes Boys 37 5 3 11 4 7 4 Girls 38 13 6 9 Total 75 2 10 3 11 17 13 13 TABLE 14. COLORED SCHOOLS. Totals 10th Div. 11th Div. 12th Div. 13th Div. Grades Skipped Boys Girls Total 50 6 27 11 6 69 14 20 32 3 119 20 47 43 9 Grades Repeated Boys Girls Total 246 50 89 59 48 371 89 97 112 73 617 139 186 171 121 CAUSES OF REPEATING Illness or Physical Defect Change of Schools Boys Girls Total 70 18 30 12 10 129 22 40 42 25 199 40 70 54 35 Boys Girls Total 17 4 4 6 3 19 4 6 6 3 Poor Attendance Boys Girls Total 24 4 6 11 3 45 10 7 19 9 69 14 13 30 12 Failure in Studies Boys Girls Total 135 24 51 30 30 162 48 46 36 32 297 72 97 66 62 Other Causes Boys Girls Total 15 18 33 15 9 80 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CLINIC. EXCESS OF GRADES ABOVE NORMAL NUMBER. TABLE 15. WHITE SCHOOLS. Totals 1st Div.. 2d Div.. 3d Div. . 4th Div. 5th Div. 6th Div. 7th Div. 8th Div. 9t,h Div. Enrolment Roys 1132 108 1G7 158 142 169 98 120 82 90 Girls 1301 147 199 170 131 159 149 162 75 109 Total 2433 255 366 328 273 326 247 282 157 199 Normal No. Grades 38928 4080 5856 5248 4368 5216 3952 4512 2512 3184 Grades Repeated Grades Skipped 2825 320 275 366 295 447 266 375 198 283 467 66 123 75 48 54 51 26 7 17 Net Excess 2358 254 152 291 247 393 215 349 191 266 TABLE 16. COLORED SCHOOLS Totals. 10th Div. 11th Div. 12th Div. 13th Div. Enrolment Roys 300 76 94 62 68 Girls 510 137 155 102 116 Total 810 213 249 164 184 Normal No. Grades 12960 3408 3984 2624 2944’ Grades Repeated Grades Skipped 617 119 Net Excess 49S 139 | 20 | 119 186 171 121 9 I 112 47 j 139 43 I 12S

Tables 15 and 1G (also tables 13 and 14) give a classification of grades repeated by school divisions. By showing the normal number of grades the children should have completed to get to the eighth grade, crediting each school with the grades skipped, debiting the grades repeated, the net excess of grades above the normal number is shown to be 2358 in the white schools and 498 in the colored, a total of 2856 grades.

CAUSES OF REPEATING. TABLE 17. WHITE SCHOOLS. Per cent j due to Grades Repeated | Illness or Physical Defect 8B. ? 8A. 7B. 6B. 6A. 5B. 5A. 4B. 4A. 3B. 3A. 2B.. 2A. IB.. 1A.. 10.61 12.96 15.73 7A i 18.18 22.56 27.84 20.34 19.28 20.80 27.06 26.70 28.66 41.73 45.29 41.04 41.04 Per cent due to Change of Schools 5.75 5.11 10.48 9.95 7.96 12.65 7.55 15.71 8.00 6.01 11.10 8.91 6.29 5.12 4.47 5.22 Per cent due to Poor Attendance 3.53 4.09 5.61 6.92 4.42 3.16 5.22 3.57 6.71 6.76 1.86 3.82 6.29 6.83 9.70 9.70 Per cent due to _ Failure in Studies 80.08 75.76 66.66 64.06 63.27 53.16 64.53 59.28 63.08 58.64 57.14 54.70 44.09 39.31 35.07 34.32 TABLE 18. COLORED SCHOOLS. Per cent due to Other Causes 0 2.04 1.49 .87 1.76 3.16 2.32 2.14 1.34 1.5 3.1 3.82 1.57 3.41 9.70 9.70 Grades Repeated SB. 8A. 7B. 7A. 6B. 6A. 5B. 5A. 4B. 4A. 3B. 3A. 2B. 2A. IB. 1A. Per cent due to Illness or Physical Defect 10. 14.7 22 9 22.8 22.2 19.3 31.9 25. 34.3 34.4 32.5 37.5 40.5 40.5 54. 54. Per cent due to Change of Schools 3.3 2.9 4.9 5.7 8.3 0 6.3 0 3.1 3.4 Per cent Per cent due to I due to Poor 1 Failure Attendance I in Studies 13.3 8.7 9.8 8.5 8.3 22.5 17. 21.4 21.8 70. 73.5 57.3 62.8 52.7 51.6 42.5 53.5 31.2 27.5 | 27.5 7.5 ! 55. 7.5 50. 8.1 43.2 8.1 I 43.2 2. 32. 2. ! 32. Per cent due to Other Causes 3.3 0 4.9 0 8.3 6.4 2.1 0 9.3 6.8 2.5 2.5 8.1 8.1 10. 10. 82 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CLINIC. CHANGE OF SCHOOLS. TABLE 19. WHITE SCHOOLS. D-ision NOpOfa 1st 38 2d….: 83 3d 41 4th 34 oth 46 6th 24 7th 17 8th 5 9th 12 300 No. of repeaters 162 160 182 155 214 145 177 104 127 1426 Both repeaters and skippers 18 29 19 11 12 9 5 2 7 112 Attended other public schools Attended private schools 46 ! 26 74 52 80 28 58 25 72 28 46 20 54 25 21 13 28 11 479 228 33.5% 15.9% Attended both private an other public schools 3 10 14 10 7 4 9 3 2 62 4.3% No. of other public schools attended 68 92 114 76 100 51 74 26 34 635 No. of private schools attended 29 52 28 26 28 20 25 13 11 232 Total No. of other schools attended 97 144 142 102 128 71 99 39 45 867 No. of pupils giving change of schools as cause of repeating 20 24 50 15 24 29 22 34 13 231 16.1%

Causes of Repeating.

The causes of the repeating have been tabulated under the following headings: Illness or Physical Defect, Change of Schools, Poor Attendance, Failure in Studies, and Other Causes. In both the white and the colored schools, the causes of the repeating are credited mainly to failure in studies and illness or physical defect. The highest number of grades repeated on account of failure in studies is 80 per cent in 8B of the white schools and 73.5 per cent in 8A of the colored schools; the least is 34.3 per cent in 1A of the white schools and 27.5 per cent in 4A of the colored schools. The greatest number of grades repeated on account of physical defect in the white schools is 45.2 per cent in 2A; the least is 10.6 per cent in 8B. In the colored schools the highest is 54 per cent in the first grades; the least is 10 per cent in 8B (tables 17 and 18). Table 1 shows that 8.1 per cent of all the grades repeated in the white schools is due to change of schools; 15.7 per cent of the grades repeated in 5A are credited to this cause (table 17); 16.1 per cent of the white repeaters report change of schools as the cause of their repeating (table 19).

In the third school division with an enrolment of 328 eighth grade pupils, 108 children attended 28 private and 114 other public schools, a total of 142 other schools. Fourteen attended both private and other public schools. Fifty give change of schools as cause of repeating (table 19).

The second school division with an enrolment of 366 eighth grade pupils reports 126 children as having attended 52 private and 92 other public schools, a total of 144 other schools. Ten children attended both private and other public schools. Twenty-four give change of schools as cause of repeating.

Of the total number of repeaters (1426), 479 or 33.5 per cent attended other public schools; 228 or 15.9 per cent attended private schools; 62 or 4.3 per cent attended both public and private schools. A few of the repeaters attended the public schools of as many as seven different cities.

These 479 repeaters attended 635 other public schools located in 38 states and 12 other countries. In 34 cases the location of the school was not given, so that there is reason to think that nearly every state in the Union is represented.

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